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    <title>Balance commerciale, miroir de nos dépendances | Cairn.info</title>
    <icon>https://shs.cairn.info/build/assets/cairn-B7RWiji2.png</icon>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:rss/liste-lecture/549334</id>
    <rights>Cairn.info 2026</rights>

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                            <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:CEP_055_0049</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Le rejet par Ricardo du mécanisme des points d'or |
        David Ricardo, 199 ans après
                    | Cahiers d&#039;économie Politique
            (2008/2 n° 55)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-d-economie-politique-1-2008-2-page-49?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2008-12-01T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[AbstractContrary to a wide-spread opinion, it was not Ricardo who
developed the gold-points theory, but Thornton. Thornton did it in
complement of its lender in last resort theory to justify the
suspension of payments and to explain the high price of bullion.
Ricardo rejected the Thornton’s gold points mechanism, and set
Hume’s price-specie-flow mechanism. The stake for Ricardo was to
show that only an excessive quantity of money can involve a high
price of bullin. We analyze his argumentsClassification JEL&#160;:
Bl, E4, F3]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:CEP_073_0031</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        <i>Fermiers</i> et <i>Grains</i>&#160;: deux moments de
confrontation de Quesnay à la science du commerce |
        Construction des libéralismes face à leurs adversaires, XVIIIe et
XIXe siècles
                    | Cahiers d&#039;économie Politique
            (2018/2 n° 73)
            ]]></title>
            <subtitle type="html">
            <![CDATA[Police contre Polices au nom des libertés]]>
        </subtitle>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-cahiers-d-economie-politique-1-2017-2-page-31?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2018-01-01T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[The articles Fermiers and Grains that Quesnay published in the
Encyclopédie have often been seen as holding a similar status
within his economic work, and as representing besides, the early
stages of the Tableau œconomique. However, we show that the
viewpoint of the adversary of Mme&#160;de Pompadour’s physician
changes in the course of this writings. Initially opposed to the
Ancien Régime grain police, in a perspective similar to that of the
science of trade, Quesnay then turns into the opponent of the
latter. In this two writings besides, it is rather a police than a
system that he propounds.JEL Codes&#160;: B11]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:CONST_060_0066</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Les perspectives du tissu productif |
        De nouvelles géographies
                    | Constructif
            (2021/3 N° 60)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-constructif-2021-3-page-66?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2021-10-15T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:ECOFI_137_0339</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Le retour des déficits jumeaux américains |
        40 ans de libéralisation financière
                    | Revue d&#039;économie financière
            (2020/1 N° 137)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-financiere-2020-1-page-339?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2020-11-02T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[By adopting an expansionary fiscal policy at the end of 2017, the
United States returned to twin deficits (fiscal and current). In
2019, the federal budget deficit is projected to reach 5% of GDP,
while the current account deficit is projected to be close to 3% of
GDP. Having established the existence of a positive long-term
relationship between the budget deficit and the current account
deficit in the United States, this article highlights the
specificities of the current twin deficits. These deficits differ
from past deficits, first of all in the context of the emergence of
deficits and then in their financing. While previous twin deficits
appeared in an underemployment economy, the current episode of
double deficit occurred in a context of full employment. On the
other hand, the sources of financing of the twin deficits now come
mainly from non-resident private investors, whereas until 2014 it
was the non-US central banks that, by placing their foreign
exchange reserves in Treasuries, ensured the bulk of the financing
of these deficits. In the absence of serious rivals of the dollar
as international reserve currency, the twin US deficits are now
financed without difficulty. However, this situation may not last.
The increase in US external debt could eventually lead to an
increase in US long-term interest rates and/or a depreciation of
the dollar.Classification JEL&#160;: E62, F31, F32, H62.]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:ECOP_154_0107</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        La baisse de la protection douanière dans l'Uruguay Round&#160;: le
cas de l'agriculture dans l'Union européenne, au Canada et aux
États-Unis |
        Comptabilité générationnelle
                    | Économie &amp; prévision
            (2002/3 n<sup>o</sup> 154)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-economie-et-prevision-1-2002-3-page-107?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2002-08-01T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Uruguay Round reductions in tariff protection: The case of
agriculture in the European Union, Canada and the United States At
the conclusion of the Uruguay Round the measure that was expected
to have the most tangible impact was the clause relating to market
access, requiring the signatory nations to convert non-tariff
barriers into tariffs and achieve an overall average tariff
reduction of 36% by the year 2000 in agri-food sector. However, it
has not produced the anticipated results owing to certain technical
provisions that have diminished its effect. Its actual impact on
trade and welfare has been assessed by means of indicators (Trade
Restrictiveness Index, or TRI, and Mercantilistic TRI) taking
account of the distribution of tariff reductions made by the
European Union, the United States and Canada.]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:EDD_312_0063</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Chocs extérieurs des prix de produits de base et cycles d’affaires
au Cameroun |
        Varia
                    | Revue d&#039;économie du développement
            (2017/2 Vol. 25)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-du-developpement-2017-2-page-63?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2018-04-24T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Much of the work that has addressed the macroeconomic effects of
external shocks implies that they are mediated by a single
intra-temporal relative price such as the terms of trade and
possibly an intertemporal price such as the foreign or world
interest rate. Our article presents an empirical framework in which
the multiple prices of commodities such as wood, cocoa, coffee or
oil, and the French interest rate, transmit external disturbances.
The basic estimates, based on Cameroonian data for the period
1960-2015, show that global shocks explain variously the aggregate
fluctuations of the main indicators: 3.3% of the variance of
production, 4.9&#160;% of the consumption variance, 13.45% of the
investment variance and 47.15&#160;% of the variance of the
trade-to-output ratio. These figures do not improve with the
inclusion of two economic indicators (production and interest
rates) of France, Cameroon’s main trading partner. This result is
mainly due to the relative diversification of the Cameroonian
economy.Codes JEL&#160;: F41, E32.]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:EE_1618_0097</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Chapitre 2. Retirer les avantages des chaînes de valeur mondiales |
        Turquie
                    | Études économiques de l’OCDE
            (2016/18 n° 18)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-economiques-de-l-ocde-2016-18-page-97?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2016-07-01T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:INNO_026_0133</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Évolution de la spécialisation internationale de la Russie depuis
le début de la transition |
        La nouvelle économie russe
                    | Innovations
            (2007/2 n° 26)
            ]]></title>
            <subtitle type="html">
            <![CDATA[]]>
        </subtitle>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-innovations-2007-2-page-133?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2007-08-22T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[AbstractAfter the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia faced
two major problems: the shift from a closed to an open economic
system, and the shift from the plan to a market economy. Our
research addresses the evolution of the international
specialization of Russia since the beginning of transition. More
precisely, we calculate the indicators of international
specialization (market position and revealed comparative
advantages). We show that up to the 2000s, Russia has pursued a
pattern based on the inherited specialization of the soviet
economy, being naturally advantaged in hydrocarbons and some other
resource sectors (wood), and also in the production of energy
intensive goods (metals). This paper deals with three major topics:
(i) evolution of product specialization of the Russian economy,
(ii) evolution of geographical structure of Russia’s foreign trade
and (iii) prospects for the future with a special emphasis on the
hydrocarbons sector.JEL codes: F14, F15]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:LECO_032_0055</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Argentine, Brésil, Mexique&#160;: libéralisation et nouvelles
vulnérabilités |
        FMI et Banque mondiale peuvent-ils imposer le libéralisme ?
                    | L&#039;Économie politique
            (2006/4 n<sup>o</sup> 32)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-l-economie-politique-2006-4-page-55?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2006-12-01T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:MED_164_0139</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        La Croatie dans l'Union européenne&#160;: une insertion
différenciée |
        Vulnérabilités des populations rurales...
                    | Mondes en développement
            (2013/4 n° 164)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-mondes-en-developpement-2013-4-page-139?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2014-01-20T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Croatia joins European Union in 2012&#160;: How can Croatia export
efficiently in the Global Market&#160;? The main aim of the article
is to analyse how Croatia inserts in the world economy. As the
world economy changes, the insertion strategy needs to change also.
The country can’t any more choose an insertion based on export
markets as well as choose an insertion based on internal economy.
Nowadays, we know well the limits of the strategy of growth only
based on export markets. The paper presents the three main points
of the growth strategy of Croatia&#160;: tourism exports, industry
specialisation and the key role of FDI to finance its growth. On
the opposite side, Croatia must be careful because its industrial
exports are still highly dependant of price-competitiveness and the
high exchange rate policy could damage its exports.]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:NAQD_012_0103</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        La mondialisation&#160;: Mythes et véritables défis |
        Dominations et dépendances
                    | NAQD
            (1999/1 N° 12)
            ]]></title>
            <subtitle type="html">
            <![CDATA[]]>
        </subtitle>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-naqd-1999-1-page-103?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>1999-05-01T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:PAL_082_0013</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Croissance et inflation en Argentine sous les mandatures Kirchner |
        L'Argentine des Kirchner, dix ans après la crise
                    | Problèmes d&#039;Amérique latine
            (2011/4 N° 82)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-problemes-d-amerique-latine-2011-4-page-13?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2011-11-01T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[AbstractSince 2003, the growth rate of the GDP has been higher in
Argentina than in Brazil. Argentina re-established sustained
industrialisation, while in Brazil the trend is towards
deindustrialisation. Investment rates grew, but not enough. Income
distribution is less unequal. Poverty has decreased and
inequalities among the poor have also declined. Employment is
growing – including in the industrial sector ; informal jobs,
whether salaried or not, are loosing ground; while the balance of
trade shows a strong surplus and the dept ratio is not overly high.
Real inflation is high, far higher than announced by the
government, and it curtails any rise in buying power, particularly
among the poorest. Distributional conflicts between farmers and
government, between wage earners and managers, illustrate both
governance problems and questions of societal options. The recent
rise in effective exchange rates, the rise in the share of raw
materials in exports, the fact that these are needed for subsidies
paid mainly to energy consuming sectors, the shortage of subsidies
to research intensive industries could tomorrow turn what is
currently a virtuous circle into a vicious circle.]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:PERS_075_0179</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        V. Les enjeux de la réduction du déficit de la balance courante des
États-Unis |
        Numéro 75
                    | Perspectives économiques de l&#039;OCDE
            (2004/1 n<sup>o</sup> 75)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-perspectives-economiques-de-l-ocde-2004-1-page-179?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2004-03-01T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:PERS_101_0073</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Chapitre 2. Comment rendre le commerce mondial bénéfique pour tous |
        Varia
                    | Perspectives économiques de l&#039;OCDE
            (2017/1 N° 101)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-perspectives-economiques-de-l-ocde-2017-1-page-73?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2018-04-17T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:POL_202_0065</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Concurrence mondiale&#160;: évaluation de l'avantage technologique
des États-Unis et du processus de mondialisation |
        Développement régional
                    | Politiques et gestion de l&#039;enseign sup
            (2008/2 n° 20)
            ]]></title>
            <subtitle type="html">
            <![CDATA[]]>
        </subtitle>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-politiques-et-gestion-de-l-enseignement-superieur-2008-2-page-65?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2009-01-01T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:POUR_237_0055</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        La mondialisation du vin par les exportations ou le modèle français
en transition |
        Vins, vignes et vignerons : quelles transitions ?
                    | Pour
            (2019/1 N°&#160;237-238)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-pour-2019-1-page-55?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2020-03-25T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:RDM_027_0322</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        L'endettement excessif aux États-Unis et ses raisons historiques |
        De l'anti-utilitarisme
                    | Revue du MAUSS
            (2006/1 n<sup>o</sup> 27)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-du-mauss-2006-1-page-322?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2006-06-22T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:RE_064_0070</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Fallait-il interdire l'exploration des hydrocarbures de schiste en
France&#160;? |
        Les hydrocarbures du futur
                    | Responsabilité et environnement
            (2011/4 N° 64)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://stm.cairn.info/revue-responsabilite-et-environnement1-2011-4-page-70?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2011-10-01T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Is it really necessary to outlaw prospecting for shale hydrocarbons
in France?Gasland, a documentary by Josh Fox, an American
film-maker, blames shale gas operations in the United States for
all sorts of environmental sins. This caricature, talented but
one-sided, has no scientific grounds. It has been a source of
disinformation in France, where it has stoked public opinion to
oppose extracting gas from shale. From Villeneuve-de-Berg in
Ardèche through Larzac to Doue in Seine-et-Marne, thousands of
persons have demonstrated against plans for prospecting for shale
gas deposits. Fanned by the media and relayed by locally elected
officials of all political suasions, this opposition resulted in
three bills of law being introduced in parliament to forbid
hydraulic fracturing, the only technique available at present for
extracting hydrocarbons from shale. Emergency procedures for
speeding up the legislative process led to a law being adopted on
13 July 2011.]]></summary>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:REA_106_0017</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Production industrielle&#160;: comparaison France-Allemagne |
        Varia
                    | Regards sur l&#039;économie allemande
            (2012/3 n° 106)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-regards-sur-l-economie-allemande-2012-3-page-17?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2012-12-14T00:00:00+01:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
    </entry>
                                <entry>
    <id>tag:cairn.info,2005:article:REDP_262_0285</id>
    <title type="html"><![CDATA[
        Crise de la zone euro, asymétries et politiques budgétaires |
        Varia
                    | Revue d&#039;économie politique
            (2016/2 Vol. 126)
            ]]></title>
        <link href="https://shs.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-politique-2016-2-page-285?lang=fr" type="text/html" rel="alternate" />
    <published>2016-04-22T00:00:00+02:00</published>
    <updated>2025-06-02T09:32:18+02:00</updated>
            <summary type="html"><![CDATA[Euro Area Crisis, Asymmetries and Fiscal Policies Using a stock
flow consistent model, we investigate the effect of several fiscal
policies in monetary union. Five variants are analyzed: restrictive
fiscal policy in the south, fiscal expansion in the south, fiscal
expansion in the north, fiscal expansion in the whole area without
and with intra-zone financing. Several findings emerge and
illustrate the mechanisms at work in the crisis countries of
Southern Europe. The establishment of a restrictive fiscal policy
in South reduces public debt and the level of interest rates but at
the cost of slower growth. The effect of a policy of increasing
demand in the south is effective on growth but interest rates
greatly increase. To avoid the explosion rates in southern
countries without jeopardizing growth, only a political stimulus
north can both boost production and reduce imbalances within the
euro area. Finally, a recovery policy in the whole area is
effective growth while limiting the increase in interest rates as
long as financing intra-zone is important.]]></summary>
    </entry>
            </feed>
